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Intro to computers, computer science
what is a computer?
something that computes
input, output, math ability, memory, control
input:
keyboard, mouse, mike
output:
speakers, printer, monitor
memory
short term - RAM
long term - CD ROM, hard drive, flash drive, floppy drive
CPU
central processing unit
CPU has:
-ALU: arithmetic / logic unit
-control unit: what happens first, second, third
von Neumann architecture
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Von_Neumann_architecture
data is carried by the "bus"
Old way:
dedicated computer for a specific task
IBN Sorting Machine
http://www-03.ibm.com/ibm/history/exhibits/attic3/attic3_136.html
hardware: physical components
vs. software
Universal, general purpose computer
it has the capability of being any particular computer
we make it into a particular, specific computer by feeding it instructions. software.
fetch-execute cycle
we fetch an instruction
then we carry it out (executing it)
then, we fetch an instruction
then we carry it out (executing it)
then, we fetch an instruction
then we carry it out (executing it)
then, we fetch an instruction
then we carry it out (executing it)
then, we fetch an instruction
then we carry it out (executing it)
pseudo-code. instructions written for a human to understand. computer probably won't.
Adding machine.
program:
1) say "please enter a number"
2) get the number, store it in X
3) say "please enter another number"
4) get the number, store it in Y
5) add X and Y, store it in Z
6) say X "+" Y "=" Z
7) Go to step 1
IP - instruction pointer, inside the control unit.
RAM is volatile memory, short term.
hard disk is not volatile, long term
copy into RAM
set IP= 1
both instructions, data are stored in RAM
this program "loops"
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three levels of memory
long term: hard disk
short term: RAM -- random access memory
really short term: registers
sequential access memory -- scroll,
random access memory -- book
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk
parallel, perpendicular
one of them means 0, the other of them means 1
bit - binary digit; 0 or 1
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_ROM
more complicated info by combining bits
0, 1, 2, 3
could store these four values in 2 bits
0 - 00
1 - 01
2 - 10
3 - 11
5 pants
8 shirts
40 combinations; 5 x 8
8 bits = byte
how many combinations?
2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 2^8 = 256
three bits?
2^3
2 x 2 x 2
0 - 000
1 - 001
2 - 010
3 - 011
4 - 100
5 - 101
6 - 110
7 - 111
all the former possibilities with a leading 0
all the former possibilities with a leading 1
twice as many as before
you add a bit, you have twice as many possible values
four bits -- nibble
how many possible values?
2^4 = 16
0 - 0000
1 - 0001
2 - 0010
3 - 0011
4 - 0100
5 - 0101
6 - 0110
7 - 0111
8 - 1000
9 - 1001
10 - 1010
11 - 1011
12 - 1100
13 - 1101
14 - 1110
15 - 1111
we count memory in bytes
1 byte = byte
2 bytes = word
4 bytes = dword
1024 bytes = 2^10 = kilobyte ~= 10^3
1024 x 1024 bytes = 2^20 bytes = megabyte ~= 10^6
2^30 bytes = gigabyte ~= 10^9
2^40 bytes = terabyte ~= 10^12
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terabyte
used to be. but memory makers are greedy; they like to market to you also.
they use powers of 10
herz
kilohertz
megahertz
gigahertz
the bigger the number, the faster the computer
multiple CPUs
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in lab, we did the four practice exercises. you might want to go through the hands-on-exercises at home, once you get the book.
typography -- appearance of printed matter
font;
serif, sans-serif fonts
http://www.livescience.com/strangenews/more-difficult-fonts-improve-learning-110113.html
fixed-width (monospaced) vs. proportional
is every letter/symbol the same width?
W
i
$ 10.00
$ 0.54
lining up fonts
1 point = 1/72 inch
1 pica = 12 points
how do i make my paper:
adjust font face, point size
increase margins
line spacing
indent
how many sentences per paragraph
=rand(5,4)
lorem ipsem text
between character spacing; kerning
Wi
"WILL TYPE UP YOUR PAPERS. WILL ENSURE THAT THE SPELLING AND GRAMMER ARE CORRECT"
non-breaking space
non-breaking hyphen
windows and orphans
style - a bag of formatting
a way of separating formatting from meaning
reveal formatting - Shift F1
hw:
midlevel exercises and capstone exercise
